cuneiform

mm
your information is correct it is the oldest 'step' pyramid but only 'beleived' to be the oldest pyramid overall by a fewhundred years, there is not proof
however i will change my text to avoid dates etc

regardless of this it does not change the fact that stick writing is the oldest form of writing...i have said that it is from the pre-thoth era
it is a shame there is no written history of any civilisation before 15,000 BC
apart from Atlastis when all continents were joined

 

Huh? What the hell is Atlastis?

 

LOL!

 

The Pyramids at Giza aren't step pyramids they are smooth. They've just been eroded over 2500 (Yeah not 11,000 years no idea where that came from) years. Thoth has nothing to do with them or any of those other things you connect him too either. He's a minor deity he's really not that important in mythology.

Are you serious . Have you ever even looked in a history book? I'm usually not this rude but there are so many historical inaccuracies on this page alone I could write another Da Vinci Code novel . And what does Thoth have to do with it? He wasn't even a real person he's a mythological figure with an animal for a head.

Its called Pangea dude, and Atlantis is not 15,000 years old. Its less than 2,000 if it really existed (there are several possible sights, none of them older 2,000 years).

You really should invest in a history book.

 

Is that what he meant? Pangea? Atlantis? Jesus Christ...

And "LOL!" is not an answer to my question... If you're gonna talk complete crap, you could at least make an effort to explain.

 

Pangea is the ancient continent where all the continents were joined as one, but that was millions of years ago long before humans came along (continental drift is about a 1 centimeter a year).

Honestly I think he's making things up or he's been googling and getting the "Loony" Sites as I like to call them which give you pretty much compiled historical crap.

 

I know what pangea is, lordofhats. He just didn't explain it at all well. This thread started on shakey ground, and is now off the edge of the map...

 

ok thanks for the critique ive altered it completely and removed the dates because the information i researched was conflicting.
Dont worry about my spelling or grammar i'll give it to the secretary/editor when ive finished for her/him to do all that..


ps atlastis was a JOKE!

 

What?

 

I think that applies to this thread in general...

 

yes lord that just about sums it up
ive been getting so many conflicting views, opinions and so-called facts coming through, ive had to remove all the dates and stuff from my piece so that it is free of all that.. the focus is on the stickwriting and how everything expanded from that...(sorry not cuneiform)

what i would LOVE to know is what is in the hidden 1/2 of the bible in the vatican!!

 

What the crap is stick writing?

The entirety of the Bible is available to the public. The Vatican only stores Church records (finances, personnel documentation, journals and logs, and the transcripts of meetings between Church officials). Most of these things are also publicly available in a form of a no check-out library.

Hidden half of the Bible? There is no such thing. The Church stores some of the older copies of various New Testament books (Not available to general public, but are available for study by archeologists, theologians, and historians) but there's nothing in them that you can't find in the New International Edition of your standard $10 Bible.

 

i sure hope you're joking about that, too!... unless you're independently wealthy and can afford to hire someone competent to virtually rewrite your work, as it's flawed to the max...

if you meant a publisher's editor, you need to learn the basics of the writing world and publishing industry, kiddo... if you don't submit a polished, grammatically correct ms, it's gonna just be tossed at first glance, not fixed up for you at their expense!

 

honestly its not a problem mm we've got plenty of budget for this.

Thanks lord of hats etc
I met an Arab guy whosaid that the first humans were in Yemen south of saudi arabia....so i am trying to unite the yemen and african divide
I thought maybe i could assume that mankind began before the red sea divide no? or how can i unite this divide in my piece

thanks for the help guys and gals
Jah love

here is the complete piece with all the modern history added (mostly from wikipedia)
it seems to be nearly ready to be tidied up and edited/corrected before publication

.....................................

ThePhillumenyTimes.com

History of the Match
....................


In the beginning
Our journey to discover who and when the first match was created has led us on an epic journey through history, revealing, probably, the first humanlike civilisation to exist on earth.

Traditional African religion is the oldest religion in the world. Well, this is obvious since Africans are the oldest human beings on earth. African traditional religions led to the system of alchemy founded some fifteen
thousand years ago by the first human genius whom Africans described as the "Thrice Greatest." The greatest of all philosophers, the greatest of all priests, the greatest of all kings. His African names included, Thoth,
Tehuti and Theuth. The west later knew him as Hermes Trismegistus with the same godlike attributes. He was the world's first "Adept" or "Master" he created the science of alchemy for the spiritual development of humankind. After the traditional African Hut, he inspired the building of the first Pyramids in Egypt, and the pyramid of Gizeh served as his shrine and academy. Wise men journeyed from all over the world to study at
his feet. He was considered a personification of wisdom with inexhaustible supply of knowledge, some of which were recorded in about 20,000 books. These were among the 400,000 invaluable African documents destroyed 13,000 years later under the Roman edict of Theodosius in the 4th cent. AD to force European hegemony on the world.

Thoth was immortalised in African myth as the great Anu called Onian in Chapter XV of the Book of the Dead and in the texts of the Pyramids. Thoth and his people, or even an earlier forgotten race, were the creators of the first fire stick or match using sulfur from the volcano's in the west of the oecumene, now known as NE Africa and Yemen after the red sea divide.
Thoth also pioneered what is now known as science, Astrology, and Language, and we reveal the first form of communication methods used by these people or perhaps even by an earlier civilisation, with our set of 'Phillumeny Times' collector edition matchbox newspapers, presenting pre Thoth-stickwriting.

[Pictures here - pre-THOTH-stickwriting]
http://www.topdeckpublications.co.uk/firstwords.jpg

The philosophical links and meanings that these pictures conjur up are endless, and some beleive that the images are divine having created themselves at the beginning of existence within and containing Tusos. A reflection of the divine law of ecclesiastical brain, building blocks and mechanics of the universe, housing and the word and seals of GOD, the conquering lion of Judah and the covenant between god and man.


Modern history of the term match
match: 1350–1400; Middle English macche (wick) < Middle French meiche, Old French mesche < Vulgar Latin *mesca (lamp wick),
metathetic variant of Latin myxa < Greek mýxa, µ??a, (mucus, nostril, nozzle of a lamp)[2]
Historically, the term match referred to lengths of cord, or later cambric, impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to
burn continuously.[1] These were used to light fires and set off guns and cannons. Such matches were characterised by
their burning speed, e.g. quick match and slow match; depending on their formulation, they could provide burning rates
of between, typically, 1 second and 15 seconds per centimetre.
The modern equivalent of this sort of match is the simple fuse, still used in pyrotechnics to obtain a controlled time
delay before ignition. The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as black match
(a black powder–impregnated fuse) and Bengal match (a firework producing a relatively long-burning, coloured flame).
But, when friction matches were developed, they became the main object meant by the term.


Early modern matches
A predecessor of the match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, were also said to be invented in China in
AD 577 by Northern Qi court ladies desperately out of tinder and looking for a means to start fires for cooking and heating
while military forces of Northern Zhou and Chen besieged their city from outside.[3] During the Five Dynasties and Ten
Kingdoms (AD 907–960), a book called the Records of the Unworldly and the Strange written by Chinese author Tao Gu in
about 950 stated:
If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man
devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulphur and storing them ready for use. At the
slightest touch of fire they burst into flame. One gets a little flame like an ear of corn. This marvellous thing
was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterwards when it became an article of commerce its name was changed
to 'fire inch-stick'.[3]
Matches also appeared in Europe by about 1530,[3] yet the first modern, self-igniting match was also invented in 1805
by K. Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris. The head of the match consisted of a mixture
of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, and rubber. They were ignited by dipping the tip of the match in a small asbestos
bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive and its usage was dangerous, so Chancel's
matches never gained much popularity.

Friction matches
What was later described as the first "friction match" was also invented by English chemist John Walker
in 1827. Early work had been done by Robert Boyle in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but his efforts had not produced
useful results. Walker discovered a mixture of antimony(III) sulfide or stibnite, potassium chlorate, gum, and starch
could be ignited by striking against any rough surface. Walker called the matches congreves, but the process was
patented by Samuel Jones and the matches were sold as lucifer matches. The early matches had a number of problems -
the flame was unsteady and the initial reaction was disconcertingly violent; additionally, the odor produced by the
burning match was unpleasant. It is described as a firework odor. Despite these problems, the new matches were
responsible for a marked increase in the number of smokers[citation needed]. Lucifers reportedly could ignite
explosively, sometimes throwing sparks at a considerable distance. In the Netherlands matches are still called
lucifers.
In 1830, Frenchman Charles Sauria added white phosphorus to remove the odor.
These new matches had to be kept in an airtight box but were popular. Unfortunately, those involved in the manufacture of the new matches were afflicted with phossy jaw and other bone disorders, and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. There was a vociferous campaign to ban these matches once the dangers became known.


Noiseless matches
The noiseless match was also invented in 1836 by the Hungarian János Irinyi, who was a student of chemistry.[4]
An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with
lead dioxide[5] in the head of the phosphorus match.[4] He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass
foil, until it became granulated. He mixed the phosphorus with lead and gum arabic, poured the paste-like mass into a
jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit
evenly. Irinyi thus invented the noiseless match and sold the invention to István Rómer, a match manufacturer. Rómer,
a rich Hungarian pharmacist living in Vienna, bought the invention and production rights from Irinyi, the poor student,
for 60 forints. The production of matches was now fully underway. István Rómer became richer off Irinyi's invention,
and Irinyi himself went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry and founded several match factories.[4]


Reformulation to remove white phosphorus
The early matches, including the Noiseless match, were dangerous to both the users and the people making them. This was
due to the use of white phosphorus.
The search for a replacement for white phosphorus led to what was known as the safety match. However, this term is
now confusing as it covers both the modern safety match and the modern strike anywhere match. These two different
types of matches are discussed separately below.
Both of these types of matches were more expensive to make than white phosphorus-based matches, and customers continued
to buy white-phosphorus based matches. Laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches generally had to be passed
before these safer types of matches came into widespread usage. Finland banned white-phosphorus based matches in 1872;
Denmark in 1874; Sweden in 1879; Switzerland in 1881 and the Netherlands in 1901.
An agreement, the Berne Convention, was reached at Berne, Switzerland, in 1906 to prohibit the use of white phosphorus
in matches.[6] This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. Great Britain
passed a law in 1908 prohibiting its use in matches after 31 December 1910. The United States did not pass a law, but
instead placed a punitive tax on white-phosphorus based matches in 1913. India and Japan banned them in 1919; and China
in 1925.


Safety matches
Household safety matches, including one burnt match The safety match was also invented in 1844 by the Swede Gustaf Erik Pasch
and was improved by John Edvard Lundström a decade later.
Their safety is due to the separation of the combustible ingredients between a match head on the end of a
paraffin-impregnated splint and a special striking surface; and the replacement of white phosphorus with red phosphorus.
The striking surface is composed of typically 25% powdered glass, 50% red phosphorus, 5% neutralizer, 4% carbon black
and 16% binder; and the match head is typically composed of 45-55% potassium chlorate, with a little sulfur and starch,
a neutralizer (ZnO or CaCO3), 20-40% of siliceous filler, diatomite and glue.[7] Some heads contain antimony(III) sulfide
so they burn more vigorously. Safety matches ignite due to the extreme reactivity of phosphorus with the potassium chlorate
in the match head. When the match is struck the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a small amount forming something similar to
the explosive Armstrong's mixture which ignites due to the friction.
The Lundström brothers - James and Gray - had obtained a sample of red phosphorus from Arthur Albright at The Great
Exhibition, held at The Crystal Palace in 1851, and made safety matches with it.[8] They misplaced the matches and
did not try them until just before the Paris Exhibition of 1855. They were still usable.[8]
The Swedes long held a virtual world-wide monopoly on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in Jönköping.[8]
In France, they sold the rights to their safety match patent to Coigent Père & Fils of Lyon, but Coigent contested the
payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in Vienna before the Lundström brothers patented it.
[8] The British match manufacturer Bryant and May visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches but
were unsuccessful. In 1862 they set up their own factory and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the
Lundström brothers.[8]
Safety matches are classed as dangerous goods, "U.N. 1944, Matches, safety", and they are not universally forbidden
on aircraft; however, they must be declared as dangerous goods and individual airlines and/or countries may impose
tighter restrictions.[9]


Strike anywhere matches
Two French chemists, Savene and Cahen, also developed a safety match using phosphorus sesquisulfide. They proved that the
substance was not poisonous, that it could be used in a "strike anywhere" match and that the match heads were not
explosive.[8] They patented a safety match composition in 1898 based on phosphorus sesquisulfide and potassium chlorate.[8]
Albright and Wilson developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in the United Kingdom
in 1899 and started selling it to match makers.[8]
In 1901 Albright and Wilson also started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their Niagara Falls plant for the U.S. market,
but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus based matches.[8] The Niagara Falls plant stopped making
it until 1910, when the United States Congress forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce.
[8] At the same time the largest producer of matches in the USA granted free use, in the USA, of its phosphorus
sesquisulfide safety match patents.[8] In 1913 Albright and Wilson also started making red phosphorus at Niagara Falls.[8]
Strike-anywhere matches are classed as dangerous goods, "U.N. 1331, Matches, strike anywhere"; and their carriage is
forbidden on both passenger aircraft and cargo-only aircraft.[9]

Special purpose matches
Extra long matches for extra safetyStorm matches (also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches), a component of
many a survival kit, have a strikeable tip like a normal match but much of the remainder of the stick is coated with
a combustible compound which will keep burning even in a strong wind. They have a wax coating to make them waterproof.
Bengal matches are small hand-held fireworks akin to sparklers. They are similar to storm matches in form but
include compounds of strontium or barium in the compound on the stick to produce a red or green flame respectively.


Matchbooks
A box of safety matches, some of which are greatly prized by phillumenistsThe development of a specialised matchbook
with both matches and a striking surface did not occur until the 1890s with the American Joshua Pusey, who later sold
his patent to the Diamond Match Company. The Diamond Match Company was later bought by Bryant and May.
The hobby of collecting match-related items, such as matchcovers and matchbox labels, is called phillumeny.

Phillumeny
The word 'Phillumeny' was introduced by the British collector Marjorie S. Evans in 1943 (at the time - the president
of The British Matchbox Label & Booklet Society). A person who engages in phillumeny is a phillumenist. These two
forms have been adopted by many other languages, e.g., philuméniste, fillumenista, Filumenist and ??????????.
For some time (from the mid 1940s into the 1950s) parallel to Phillumeny there was in use the term Phillumenism,
which is now out of use. Phillumeny worldwide
A packet of Polish matches from the Sianów matches factory
Matches from MoroccoCollecting of matchbox labels emerged together with matches. In some collections it is possible to
find labels from chemical matches, produced in 1810—1815 - long before the modern matches arrived. Quite often people
who went abroad brought back matchboxes as souvenirs from other country. After the WWII lot of match factories worked
in close contact with local phillumenists, issuing special non-advertising sets. Especially widespread the hobby became
in 1960s - the 1980s. Wide introduction of bulky (for collectors) cardboard matchboxes with less different images on them
and much poorer quality of print and, also, some social phenomena, made this hobby (well, like most others, not connected
with commerce) much less engaged.
Use of the Internet, allowing enthusiasts scattered around the world to cooperate, seems to have raised the level of
interest again. For example, if in 1998 there were only 7 sites, more or less dedicated to phillumeny, in 2007 there
are nearly 100 of them and the number is still growing. Famous phillumenistsIn Japan, Teichi Yoshizawa was listed in
the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's top phillumenist. In Portugal, Jose Manuel Pereira published a series
of albums to catalog and display matchbox collections called "Phillalbum".



Fires due to lit matches
The Cocoanut Grove fire of 1942, the deadliest nightclub fire in U.S. history, was started when an artificial
palm tree caught fire when a busboy struck a match for illumination while changing a light bulb.
The King's Cross fire was a devastating underground fire in London on 18 November 1987 which killed 31 people.
It was caused by rubbish and grease beneath wooden escalators being ignited, probably by a discarded match.
A 10-year-old boy started the Buckweed Fire, of the October 2007 California wildfires, by playing with matches.
With a series of wildfires blazing across the southern part of the state, Buckweed destroyed over 38,000 acres of
land and 63 structures. [10]


Credits
Thanks to Mr Dawson and my ex wife Louise who inpired me into this journey, and to the World Pan African leader
Naiwu Osahon. Thanks also to Wikepedia which provided the modern information and texts.

 

hahaha, this is a really entertaining thread.

 

Entertaining is one word...

 

One question that's been floating in my mind since I began reading this thread is: What the hell?

No offense, Rastaman, but WOW...I haven't heard anything this *tries to think of a fitting word but fails miserably and settles for 'unusual'* unusual since the 90-something-year-old man who used to live across the street from me - he thought he was a squirrel.

That's the sort of utter nonsense that's been in this thread. The only conclusion I can come to is that it must be a very bad joke.

 

I'm with Lucy.

 

Thanks for your agreement.

 

well if a person cant understand that language began with 'I' and 'c'
then well i think YOU are the entertaining ones....really! LOL

anyway i'm glad it might have cheered someone up there in Babylon.
i find god amusing with a very good sense of humour..

I think it is fascinating, i have edited the first post in this thread now we have progressed.
if anyone can offer any USEFULL or POSITIVE improvements or additions then please post...

and dont forget it hasnt been edited yet or checked for spelling and grama mistakes

 

Ummm...what? No one ever said that they didn't understand that.

So hang on a minute, can I just ask a simple question: What was the point of this thread?

 

I was trying to find the earliest civilisation to exist who would have used writing using 'I' and 'C' with dates and any proof if possible so i could complete my piece (my first ref point was cuneiform then hebrew etc)
which i and i have now done hopefully

now time for a cup of tea

 

Why didn't you ask that instead of going off with cuneiform?

The first appearance of the letter E is in ancient greek, called Epsilon in the greek language. It spread across the western world after the conquests of Alexander the Great, and was then furthered by Rome who learned it from the Etruscans and made it a staple of western alphabets.

The same goes for I (Iota in Greek). Both are descended from earlier Phoecian alphabets, but first appeared in current form and role in ancient Greece.

It's pretty much common knowledge among history folk though so you really don't need proof. Its pretty much the kind of information that doesn't even need citation.

 

This thread has long since run it's course. I'm fed up of feeling my IQ drop whenever I come in here.

*click*