What is the name for the type of character who has just arrived somewhere, and needs a more experienced character to explain everything to him/her? (Sort of like Arthur Dent)
Rookie? Novice? Green-thumb? Noob? Depends on the scene - in a war / soldier setting obviously it'd be a private. In a technological setting - e.g. space, garage, etc. - it could be an apprentice
The exposition-device? Haha I don't know, actually, but I'm curious so I'll keep an eye on this and learn something as well.
A name for this type of character was mentioned in one of Brandon Sanderson's lectures, but I don't know which one. It wasn't clear because it was mentioned by (I assume) a student off-mic. I'm going to be listening again, so will listen out for that.